It is possible to translate long texts, but the system limits the number of paragraphs. Nevertheless, if the user wants to translate completely a website, Google Translate gives him or her the opportunity to use Google chrome which is a fast free browser that translates websites automatically in many languages. Not only  does Google translate give you the opportunity to use Google chrome, but also other tools such as to the Google translated search (the information that you are searching probably will not be in your own language; the system searches the best contribution and translates it to your own language) or the iphone version which allows voice input.

The aim of this enterprise is “to make information universally accessible, regardless of the language in which it is written” That is why it has been improving  since it started. Nowadays, it can be done many things that could not be done at the beginning. For example, in the first version, only English could be translated to some other languages, now it can be done the other way round. Moreover, it is also possible to have the romanization written for languages such as Chinese or Greek and, in the last version launched in January 2011, it is also possible to see different possible translations for a specific word. A good way that helps this translator to improve is that the user himself can increase the quality of  translations by suggesting improvements or uploading his translations memories into Google Translate’s Translator Toolkit. Furthermore, the service itself asks the user sometimes alternate translations for technical terms.

But, how does this translator work? As it has been said, Google Translate is a Statistical Machine Translator (SMT) which is a way of translating texts completely different from the traditional rule-based translations. The rule-based  machine translations were used some years ago and they applied the rules and grammars of the language that was being translated. However, Linguists knew that not all languages had the same rules (e.g the order of some languages is subject- verb-object but in others is verb- subject-object) that is why the translations were not very good.

 Then, it began statistical machine translations where the computer looks for patterns in millions of documents. This documents had already been translated by human beings and thanks to them the computer can know more or less how the translation should be. However, the translations are not always perfect and the quality of them depends mainly on the number of documents that the computer can analyze to see patterns. That is why Google Translate can translate better, for example, German than Basque, it has more German documents than Basque Documents. Franz Josef Och is the main head in Google and he is in favour of Statistical machine translators. The documents that are available for the machine are taken from United Nations documents.

Finally, this way to translate texts has advantages. For instance, the quality is better than in rule-based translations, also, the translations are more natural and we have better use of resources. But, there are some disadvantages and problems with: sentence alignment, different word orders, compound words, idioms, morphology…

Do not hesitate to see the following video that explains how SMT works . If you are interested in knowing more about the problems Google Translate has, you can see the portfolio I did commenting the main problems here: http://wiki.littera.deusto.es/en/index.php/User:1adcaden/trans0910/Portfolio

References:

• Inside Google Translate (2011) In Google Translate. Retrieved 15:01, 17 May, 2011 in http://translate.google.com/about/intl/en_ALL/
• A fast, free browser with automatic translation (2011) In Google Chrome. Retrieved 15:21, 17 May, 2011 in http://www.google.com/chrome/intl/en/p/translate.html?brand=GGRE
• Google Translate (2011, May,16) In Wikipedia.Retrieved 16:26, 21 May,2011 in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate
• Franz Josef Och (2011, April 26) In Wikipedia. Retrieved 17:30, 21 May,2011 inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Och
• Statistical Machine Translation. In statmt. Retrieved 18:00 , 21 May,2011 in http://www.statmt.org/
• Portfolio (2010, July 15) In wiki.littera.deusto.es. Retrieved 18:30, 21 May,2011 in http://wiki.littera.deusto.es/en/index.php/User:1adcaden/trans0910/Portfolio

For instance, What do we understand by Corpus linguistics? The definition by Wikipedia is the following:

 Corpus Linguistics is the study of language  as expressed in samples (corpora) or “real world” text. This method represents a digestive approach to deriving a set of abstract rules by which a natural language is governed or else relates to another language. Originally done by hand, corpora are now largely derived by an automated process.

At first sight, it can seem that Corpus Linguistics is better to the study of  a language rather than grammars because in Corpus samples we have how the language is really used by native speakers. However, this system can also have some disadvantages. For example, as Noam Chomsky said, real language is also riddled with performance-related errors and that is why it is needed careful analysis of small speech samples , but this is not included in Corpus Linguistics because Linguists only include big examples. Nevertheless, this field has been improving and,nowadays, we have very good Corpus which include may samples and very well structured. One Corpus that has to be mentioned is the COCA one.

The Corpus Of  Contemporary American English is a free on-line corpus that has 425 million words and 160,000 different texts that come from a variety of sources and genres. It is the largest corpus of American English currently available.Moreover, it has been including 20 million words each year since 1990. More than 40,000 users visit this corpus each month. The different genres or sources are, firstly, spoken (85 million words) from 150 TV and radio programmes.Secondly, fiction (81 million words) from short stories and plays and, then, popular magazines (86 million words), newspapers (81 million words) and academic journals (81 million words). Furthermore, users can search the frequency of a word in each genre which help us to know, for example, if a word is used in academic writing or not. It is also possible to compare how the use of certain words has changed over time from 1990 to present time and to ignore one specific genre when we think that it is not going to be useful.

But, why is this Corpus so good? There are many reasons. For instance, researches of this corpus have been working many years to improve this corpus and their work is also connected to other important Corpus such as the British International Corpus, Time Corpus or the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA). There are also updates with new words from time to time; the last one has been in 2011. Users can search many things within the interface. For example, exact words (e.g: mysterious), part of speech, lemmas which are all the forms of a word (e.g: sing which is the base can have many forms such as singer, song, singing…), wildcard which is an option that gives you the system when you do not know exactly how a word is written( e.g: un*ly; the system’s answers would be unlikely, unusually…) It is also possible to search for collocates within a ten-word window (e.g. all nouns somewhere near faint, all adjectives near woman, or all verbs near feelings)

Other good points are: the possibility to compare the collocates of two related words (e.g  banana and apple or little and small; thanks to this we can know the difference in meaning of these words and how each word is used) , to find the frequency and distribution of synonyms for nearly 60,000 words and that we can create our own list of related words.

Take the following example that illustrates how this interface works. In this case, we will analyze the collocates that precede the nouns apple and banana.In the first chart, we can see the answers for apple. It can be seen that there are many times that apple is preceded by an article such as the or an.

WORD 1 (W1): APPLE (3.95)

 However, banana has less cases. It could be said that apple takes normally determiners and banana not.

WORD 2 (W2): BANANA(0.25)

Finally, it has to be said that if you use many times this interface, you will have to Log in. Do not hesitate to use this corpus and find attach here a video done by the Emerald Cultural Institute that shows very well how to use COCA .

References:

• Home page of COCA. In THE CORPUS OF CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN ENGLISH. Retrieved 10: 00, 12 May, 2011 in http://www.americancorpus.org/
• Corpus of Contemporary American English Guide/Tutorial (2011, January,16). In Youtube. Retrieved 17:00, 13 May,2011 in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNRBjUL2s90
• Corpus of Contemporary American English (2011, May,9) In Wikipedia. Retrieved 18:00, 13 May,2011 in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_of_Contemporary_American_English
• Corpus linguistics (2011, March, 28) In Wikipedia. Retrieved 19:45, 13 May, 2011 in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_linguistics
• Part-of-Speech Tagging. In the Department of Computer Science of the University of Maryland .Retrieved 14:22, 16 May, 2011 in http://www.cs.umd.edu/~nau/cmsc421/part-of-speech-tagging.pdf

But why is YourDictionary different from others dictionaries like Wordreference? There are several reasons. For instance, one aspect that makes it special is that it has many resources such as the Webster’s New World Dictionary, the American Heritage Dictionary or the Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Furthermore, some of its resources are taken from wordbooks which are specialized in a certain domain or field. For example, there are some words from the field of law that do not appear in a regular lexicon, but with Yourdictionary the user can find these words thanks to the Webster’s New World Law Dictionary.

Another advantage is the possibility to use  Thesaurus which consists on a reference work that groups together different types of words that have similarity in meaning or that are connected. For example, imagine that you are looking for the word ball, you will find (apart from the definition) words like globe, balloon, baseball… This wordbook has more options than Thesaurus like sentence examples, acronyms, images, idioms, quote examples…You can see in the next image how Thesaurus works.

Moreover, the fact of being able to look up words that we do not know how they are spelled also makes a distinction between the other dictionaries.  Take as an example the word receive. Imagine that you do not know how it is spelled between the letter c to the letter v. The only thing you have to do is to write two question marks where you do not know how it is spelled. E.g : re c??ve( or an asterisk if yo do not really know the number of unknown letters)Finally, the dictionary also includes games for improving our language skills (crosswords, word definition games, anagram puzzles…) and forums to speak about languages or words.

In conclusion, it could be said that the dictionaries of this century are changing the concept of what we understand by dictionary.  We can look up words free, faster, have in the same portal grammars and dictionaries, games for improving our knowledge of the language,forums… Nowadays, there are not excuses for learning new languages. There are magnificent tools available for those ones willing to increase their knowledge of the world!

References

• About YourDictionary. In YourDictionary. Retrieved 17:21, March 23, 2011 from http://www.yourdictionary.com/about.html
• LoveToKnow Company Background. In LoveToKnow. Retrieved 18:00, March 23, 2011 from http://www.lovetoknow.com/Company_Background/information.html
• Thesaurus ( 2011,March, 13) In Wikipedia. Retrieved 19:45, March 23,2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thesaurus&oldid=418606628

For instance, WikiLeaks is a non-profit organization, in other words, the journalists who work in this organization do not want money. They want to stop how our governments rule our countries. WikiLeaks believes in the Universal Declaration of Human rights which says that everybody has the right to speak freely and without interference of any type. They claim that journalists should be able to write about any topic without being afraid of being sent to prison or something worse. Publishing improves transparency and that is the only way to form a better society.

Wikleaks is compared to Daniel Ellsberg's leaking of the Pentagon Papers in 1971

WikiLeaks has been a success and has won many prizes since it was launched such as  the 2008 Economist Index on Censorship Freedom of Expression award or the 2009 Amnesty International human rights reporting award (New Media). Furthermore, it has broken many stories such as war, killing, torture, finace, taxes… However, the problem has appeared when its creator Julian Assagne was sent to prison due to sexual offences. Some people claim and Julian himself  that governments are politically motivated and want him in prison. There have been many riots in favor of  releasing Assange and this event is being one of the most trending topics of this time.

Many questions have still to be answered. Is  Assange a good person in favor of human rights or is he using the fact of being the creator of WikiLeaks to avoid prision? Are governments against transparency? The truth is that Wikileaks has put governments in an awkward position.

References:

• What is WikiLeaks? In WikiLeaks. Retrieved 11:00, 18 January,2011 from http://213.251.145.96/About.html
• WikiLeaks (2011 January 18) In Wikipedia. Retrieved 12:00, 18 January, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikileaks#Purpose
• WikiLeaks: Julian Assange ‘faces execution or Guantánamo detention’(2011, Tuesday 11) In guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 13:20, 18 January, 2011 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/jan/11/julian-assange-wikileaks-execution-gantanamo
• WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange ( 2010 ,July 26) In Youtube. Retrieved 13:29, 18 January, 2011 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdfZ-D2oZiU

Open access or (OA)  refers to unrestricted online access to articles published in scholarly journals. Open access breaks barriers and the limits of society. It has to be said that this system could not exist without the appearance of internet. Internet has given the key to society to being able to read a wide range of articles all over the world. Readers can do whatever they want with the articles copy, download, print… However, Open Access is different from open content where users can change the text they are reading.

Many people may think that Open Access is not good for authors. However, this is not true. Everybody will take advantage of Open Access. For instance, there have been many studies that show that articles who are published in open access journals are more cited and read than the rest of the books. Authors will be happy to know that their books are being read and that they are having more impact than if they have been published in a normal journal. Moreover, articles will be more effective because they will be more easy to find and use. Another part of the society that will take advantage of OA will be teachers that will feel safe that their students are using the convenient information to the research they will have to do.

What about quality?  There are some misunderstandings about Open Access. Some people claim that this are second-class papers and that they do not have enough quality. However, these articles are peer review, in other words, they are checked in order to know if they are good enough. Moreover, there will be more competition between scholars that will want their articles to be more cited and read than the ohters.

Finally, there are two ways to publish the articles through Internet. On the one hand, authors can publish their articles in Open Access Repositories which are digital collections of all the articles published by different authors. On the other hand, Open Access journals are also popular. They consist in  peer-reviewed journals whose articles may be accessed online without carge. Many institutions and universities are launching their own digital repositories to publish their articles to the whole public. There is a video in the references that shows very well the desire to improve OA by all the institutions. There also included in the references some interesting repositories where you can find good articles.

References:

• Open Access (April 2005) In JISC.Retrieved  12:00, January 8,2011, from http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/JISC-BP-OpenAccess-v1-final.pdf
• Open Access (2004) In ARL (Association of Research Libraries). Retrieved 14:00, January 8, 2011, from  http://www.arl.org/sparc/bm~doc/openaccess.pdf
• Open access (publishing) (December, 2010,29) In Wikipedia. Retrieved 15:00, January 8,2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)
• Open access: Just publish (2009, February,24) In Youtube. Retrieved 15:10, January 8, 2011, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O67olph9gY
• Directory of Open Access Journals (2011) In DOAJ. Retrieved 16:00, January 8, 2011, from http://www.doaj.org/
• Open J- Gate (2011) In openj-gate. Retrieved  16:30, January 8, 2011 from http://www.openj-gate.com/Search/QuickSearch.aspx

En primer lugar, decir que en multitud de ocasiones se producen ambigüedades entre los términos y se suelen confundir. Aquí les definiremos y los compararemos con exactitud. El primer tipo de biblioteca se llama biblioteca electrónica. Las principales características  de estas bibliotecas es que se encuentran situadas geográficamente en un lugar, es decir, existe un edificio como tal donde se encuentran los libros. Los catálogos, libros y revistas de esta biblioteca están principalmente  en formato papel y cuenta con una serie de soportes electrónicos que les ayudan a los trabajadores y usuarios del lugar a encontrar rápidamente los libros que  buscan y la información deseada. Un ejemplo de biblioteca electrónica es la biblioteca de la Universidad de Deusto. Lopez Guzmán da una clara definición de lo que se entiende por biblioteca electrónica:

“Es aquella que cuenta con sistemas de automatización que le permite una ágil y correcta administración de los materiales que resguarda, principalmente en papel. Asi mismo, cuenta con sistemas de telecomunicaciones que le permiten acceder a su información, en formato electrónico, de manera remota o local. Proporciona  principalmente catálogos y listas de las colecciones que se encuentran físicamente en un edificio.” (Lopez Guzmán)

Por otro lado, existen también las bibliotecas digitales. Se suelen equivocar muchas veces con las virtuales. Sin embargo, mientras que las digitales tienen un edificio como tal donde los usuarios pueden acudir, las virtuales no lo tienen. Las digitales son bibliotecas donde hay soportes electrónicos mediante los cuales las personas pueden cosultar los documentos electrónicos deseados. En cambio las virtuales también disponen de sus documentos en formato electrónico, pero su utilización se hace a través de internet lo que permite que muchas personas tengan acceso a libros que anteriormente les sería imposible. La biblioteca virtual Miguel de Cervantes es un buen ejemplo de como de funcionar este tipo de bibliotecas.

Referencias:

• La nueva gestión en las bibliotecas virtuales En Asociación Andaluza de Bibliotecarios. Consultado el 5 de Enero de 2010
• Bibiotecas electrónicas, digitales y virtuales: tres entidades por definir En Biblioteca Virtual en Salud de Cuba. Consultado el 5 de Enero de 2010
• Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes En cervantesvirtual. Consultado el 5 de Enero de 2010

Su origen no está nada claro, aunque en el antiguo Egipto se creía que los jeroglíficos egipcios se debían al dios Toth, el señor de la escritura. Las inscripciones más antiguas de este sistema fueron encontradas en Hierápolis, al sur de Tebas en el 3000 a.C. Se trata de la conocida como Paleta de Narmer.

Jean Francois Champollion fue la primera persona capaz de desvelar los secretos de estos signos en 1822 gracias a los descifrados de los textos encontrados en la Piedra Rosetta, encontrada en 1795.

 La escritura jeroglífica era bastante compleja por lo que estaba limitado a una minoría. Los faraones, los sacerdotes, los oficiales del ejército, los funcionarios y los escribas podían leer y escribir mientras que  muy poca gente del pueblo tenía acceso al aprendizaje. Era algo más que  un método de comunicación ya que tenía un sentido mágico y religioso. El empleo de los jeroglíficos se limitaba a textos  religiosos, frescos funerarios; fórmulas de ofrendas, inscripciones oficiales, etc. (dominios  en que el valor estético y mágico adquirían relevancia).

Era sobre todo un signo de poder, un arte mágico reservado a la aristocracia. Realizar un jeroglífico, para un egipcio, significaba dar vida a algo. Escribir el nombre de una cosa en caracteres jeroglíficos en las paredes de una tumba  o escribir el nombre de un funcionario en una estatua, significaba dar a aquella cosa o persona una vida eterna. Por ejemplo, las creencias en su poder mágico llevaron a  muchos faraones a  querer borrar los rastros de sus antecesores mediante la destrucción de estos signos.

La escritura jeroglífica en un principio era exclusivamente figurativa y se enriqueció con el tiempo con signos que llevaban  hacia la escritura simbólica. En la época arcaica  egipcia había unos 700 jeroglíficos y más de 5000 en la etapa más tardía (período greco-romano). Los jeroglíficos  representan algo tangible. Representan elementos  reales o imaginarios  pero perfectamente reconocibles la mayor parte de las veces.

En un principio los símbolos se usaban  exclusivamente  para identificar  y celebrar  la figura del faraón. Después, a los funcionarios de la corte se les planteó el problema de utilizar la escritura para fines más prácticos y concretos; y fueron estas necesidades las que condujeron a los antiguos egipcios  a utilizar el papiro frente a la piedra o madera.

Referencias: 

http://sobreegipto.com/2008/03/02/los-jeroglificos-egipcios/

http://enciclopedia.us.es/index.php/Jerogl%C3%ADfico

http://egipto.suite101.net/article.cfm/jeroglificos-la-escritura-sagrada

* Texto realizado por Garbiñe y Adrián Cadenas.

2.Archivística: (Archivología según la Rae)Es una ciencia que se dedica a estudiar todo lo que concierne al almacenamiento de documentos. Tiene como meta que los documentos puedan ser clasificados y consultados fácilmente y que se mantengan en el tiempo.

3.Biblioteca científica: Este tipo de bibliotecas son bastante recientes y su función es la de seleccionar toda la información y documentación de un determinado país.  Trabajan en ella profesionales especializados y recuperan todo tipo de información adelantándose a veces a las demandas de los usuarios.

4.Biblioteconomía: Se trata de una disciplina cuya tarea es conservar, organizar y administrar las bibliotecas para poder satisfacer plenamente a la sociedad. Diversas son las características de esta ciencia entre las que cabe destacar su servicio social o la gran difusión de información que permite gracias a su trabajo.

5.Clasificación Decimal Universal (CDU): Siempre han surgido problemas a la hora de clasificar el conocimiento. Sin embargo, ahora gracias a esta clasificación inventada en su primera versión por Melvil Dewey somos capaces de ordenar las numerosas obras que se encuentran en las bibliotecas. L a Universidad de Deusto al igual que miles de bibliotecas por todo el mundo trabajan con esta organización decimal.

6. Códice: Son documentos que tienen el mismo formato que los libros modernos actuales, es decir, encuadernados, de páginas separadas… Pero,normalmente, éstos han sido escritos en la antigüedad. Entre la etapa de la Antigüedad Preclásica hasta la Edad Media.

7. Depósito legal: Fue creado por Francia e Inglaterra y consiste en que la biblioteca de la propiedad intelectual de cada país del mundo tenga varios ejemplares de todos los libros publicados en ese mismo país.

8.Documentación: Entendemos por documentación el proceso mediante el cual nos hacemos con un determinado número de documentos sobre un tema específico. Además, se intenta dar a estos documentos una difusión rápida y precisa. En un plano mas científico,  es una ciencia que se encarga de recoger, almacenar y difundir documentos científicos.

9.Documento: Todo soporte en el que se recoge información sobre un tema. Hay distintos tipos de documentos como pueden ser clásicos o digitales. Sin embargo, todos deben poseer tres características: originalidad, fiabilidad y utilización.

10. Estereotipia: Con la aparición de la Revolución Industrial en el siglo XVIII, se dieron numerosos avances en relación con la imprenta. Uno de ellos es estereotipia que se trata de la reprodución de textos mediante planchas y no con letras sueltas como se hacía anteriormente.

11.Filigrana o marca al agua: Cuando hablamos de filigrana nos referimos a un dibujo que encontrábamos habitualmente en los libros antiguos, aunque también los encontramos en la actualidad. Servían para demostrar al lector la originalidad del documento y para enseñarle el lugar de procedencia. Además, gracias al dibujo se evitaba el plagio en los textos. Generalmente, dichos diseños se trataban de escudos, iconos…

12.Fotocomposición: Metódo en  el mundo de la imprenta que surgió en el siglo XVIII.  En dicho método se utilizan aplicaciones fotográficas a la hora de componer los textos.

13. ISBN: Son las siglas de International Standard Book Number. Se trata de un sistema que sirve para numerar los libros de todo el mundo con el fin de tener una fácil y correcta identificación de todos ellos. Cada obratiene un distinto ISBN con 10 digitos que indican el país, editor, título de libro y código de control.

14.Incunable:  Se les llama incunables a todos los libros impresos entre 1453 y 1500 porque en aquellos tiempos no se conocía la industria tipográfica como hoy en día. Se dice que fueron los primeros libros en ser puestos al servicio dela sociedad de ahí el término. Un ejemplo de incunable es la Biblia de Gutenberg.

15.Microfilm: En castellano microfilme. Es una forma de guardar y gestionar documentos en la que el texto original se copia a un documento digital de manera que el resultado sea lo mas fiel al texto principal. 

16.Miniado: La palabra miniado corresponde a los dibujos que se encontraban en los manuscritos y libros ilustrados de la edad media.

17.Papiro: Se utilizaba en la antigüedad como soporte de escritura en los manuscritos de la época. El papiro se hacía obteniendo como materia principal el tallo de la planta que recibe el mismo nombre que el manuscrito.

18.Pergamino: Material que se utilizaba en el Antiguo Egipto e incluso en la Antigua Roma para escribir documentos de todo tipo, pero especialmente sagrados o literarios. Este material era mas caro que el papiro y su nombre procede de la ciudad de Pérgamo dónde se trabajaba mucho con éste material.

19.Piedra Rosetta: Es una piedra que ha servido para que podamos entender en la actualidad el significado de los textos egipcios ya que en ella aparece escrito de tres formas diferentes un mismo texto. En dicha piedra hay un texto en griego antiguo, otro egipcio demótico y , por último, antiguos jeroglíficos egipcios.

20. Soporte: Es todo aquel material que se utiliza para escribir algo en él y registrar información. Existen soportes de todo tipo desde el papel hasta el ordenador.

21.Vitela: Material parecido al pergamino que sirve como soporte para hacer las páginas de un libro o códice.  Suelen ser duraderos ,delgados y de una gran calidad.

22. Xilografía: Llamamos xilografía a la técnica de impresión surgida en China hacia el siglo V. Dicha técnica consistía en tallar en un trozo de madera el texto seleccionado y echar tinta en los huecos. Después de eso se presionaba contra la madera un soporte como, por ejemplo, papel y en éste quedaba  impresionado el texto en cuestión.

Por un lado, tenemos los documentos digitales. Son todos aquellos que se producen en un entorno digital, su soporte y formato son electrónicos. Numerosas son las ventajas que presentan este tipo de documentos. Por ejemplo, tienen un carácter multimediático. No solo se lee el texto en el documento sino que este puede estar acompañado de imágenes, sonidos, vídeos…

Además, tienen un gran papel colectivo e interactivo en tanto que los distintos usuarios de la red pueden leer el mismo documento a la vez y hacer cambios en el mismo. Cabe decir que también permiten una gran movilidad ya que se pueden pasar de unos usuarios a otros en cuestión de segundos. Aunque también presentan grandes desventajas. Son muy volátiles y preservar los derechos de autor es muy difícil.

Por otro lado, nos encontramos con los documentos tradicionales como, por ejemplo, los libros.  Estos son más fáciles de preservar que los anteriores, pero no poseen ninguna de las ventajas de los digitales como puede ser: movilidad, adaptabilidad, accesibilidad… Asimismo, mientras que el los documentos clásicos se debe seguir el texto de forma lineal, el otro tipo de documento permite dar saltos en el texto e ir de unos documentos a otros lo que permite al lector tener una mayor comprensión del texto.

Por último, cuando queremos hacer  cambios en un documento tradicional tenemos que volver a cambiar el texto entero. Mientras que en el digital nos permite hacer solo los cambios pertinentes.

En conclusión, cada uno de ellos tiene sus cosas negativas y positivas es el lector quien tiene que elegir que opción le satisface mas. Aunque la diferencia entre ellos cada vez se está haciendo mas grande.

Referencias:

• Documentos digitales En MSINFO. Consultado el 19 de Noviembre de 2010
• El producto de información digital (2000-2002) En tramullas. Consultado el 19 de Noviembre de 2010
• Documento Digital (2006) En bluwiki. Consultado el 19 de Noviembre de 2010
• Documeto/Hiperdocumento. Consultado el 19 de Novembre de 2010. En hipertexto, por María Jesús Lamarca Lapuente.

Twitter helps people from all over the world to communicate. It has many advantages, for example, you can use it wherever you are and at any time. Users in this site communicate by tweets which are the texts that one person send to the others. This texts or tweets can only have 140 characters. Twitter has been evolving since it was launched in 2006. One of its most important improvements has been hashtags. Hashtags are used by users among other things to create groups that discuss about the same topic. Moreover, this tool gives more metadata and context to the tweets.

Using hashtags is very simple. You only have to type the # symbol followed by the tag you are going to talk about in your  tweet.  This  will  redirect your tweet to the site where all the members of  Twitter are commenting  on that issue.Many times the hashtag you will type would have already been created by another member before. That is why it is recommended to investigate before the most important hashtags of the website.

Hashtag symbol

 Hashtags can be used to many things. For instance, Chris Messina, who is an important designer and advocate for the open web, was the first man that said that people could use tweets to co-ordinate actions when a natural disaster happened. This was done, for example, in Haiti’s disaster or San Diego’s one.  Other uses of hashtags are  to know which are the trending topics of the time (#Wikileaks) ,to express the intent of the post (#ironic) or keep track of an ongoing conversation. 

Nonprofiteers are specially rewarded with this system because they can discuss about different themes with everybody. Moreover, Users do not need to be signed in Twitter to follow the most trending topics. They can go to hashtag.org and follow there all the comments on the issue they are interested in. Finally, it has to be said that hashtags have to be used carefully and with good intentions, if not they become useless. Do not use them like spam and it is recommended to use the #CamelCase where the initials of the words are capitalized to the better understanding of the tags. Do not hesitate to follow the #rdf1011 hashtag where themes covering internet, information and digital resources are commented.

References:

• Hashtags(June, 2010) In Twitter Fan Wiki. Retrieved 2o, november, 2010 from http://twitter.pbworks.com/w/page/1779812/Hashtags
• Twitter Hashtags: Nonprofits Speak up (2010, May 29) In 24 Usable hours. Retrieved 20, November, 2010 from http://www.devonvsmith.com/2010/05/twitter-hashtags-nonprofits-speak-up/
• An introduction to Twitter Hashtags( 2008, March,11) In Wild Apricot. Retrieved 20, November, 2010 from http://www.wildapricot.com/blogs/newsblog/archive/2008/03/11/an-introduction-to-twitter-hashtags.aspx
• Sponsored Hashtags: A Brand Risk Worth Taking?  ( 2009, April, 29) In Mashable. Retrieved 20, November, 2010 from http://mashable.com/2009/04/21/sponsored-hashtags/